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Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS) is a method of spectroscopy in the acoustic region, primarily the sonic and ultrasonic regions. ARS is typically much more rapid than HPLC and NIR. It is non destructive and requires no sample preparation as the sampling waveguide can simply be pushed into a sample powder/liquid or in contact with a solid sample. To date, the AR spectrometer has successfully differentiated and quantified sample analytes in various forms; (tablets, powders, and liquids). It has been used to measure and monitor the progression of chemical reactions, such as the setting and hardening of concrete from cement paste to solid. Acoustic spectrometry has also been used to measure the volume fraction of colloids in a dispersion medium, as well as for the investigation of physical properties of colloidal dispersions, such as aggregation and particle size distribution. Typically, these experiments are carried out with sinusoidal excitation signals and the experimental observation of signal attenuation. From a comparison of theoretical attenuation to experimental observation, the particle size distribution and aggregation phenomena are inferred.
== History ==
Dipen Sinha of the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed ARS in 1989.〔DiGregorio, B. E., "All You Need is Sound". ''Analytical Chemistry'' 2007, 79, (19), 7236.〕 Most published work in acoustics has been in the ultrasonic region and their instrumentation has dealt with propagation through a medium and not a resonance effect. One of the first, if not the first publication related to acoustic resonance was in 1988 in the journal of Applied Spectroscopy. The researchers designed a V shaped quartz rod instrument that utilized ultrasonic waves to obtain signatures of microliters of different liquids.〔E. P. C. Lai, B. L. C., S. Chen, "Ultrasonic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Liquids". ''Applied Spectroscopy'' 1988, 42, (3), 381–529.〕 The researchers did not have any type of classification statistics or identification protocols; the researchers simply observed ultrasonic resonance signatures with these different materials. Specifically, Sinha was working on developing an ARS instrument that can detect nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. By 1996, he had successfully developed a portable ARS unit that can be used in a battlefield. The unit can detect and identify deadly chemicals that are stored in containers in matter of minutes. In addition, the instrument was further developed by a different research group (Dr. Robert Lodder, University of Kentucky) and their work was also published in Applied Spectroscopy. The researchers created a V-shaped instrument that could breach the sonic and ultrasonic regions creating more versatility. The term ''acoustic resonance spectrometer'' was coined for the V-shaped spectrometer as well.〔Buice, R. J.; Pinkston, P.; Lodder, R. A., "Optimization of Acoustic-Resonance Spectrometry for Analysis of Intact Tablets and Prediction of Dissolution Rate". ''Applied Spectroscopy''. 48(4). 1994. 517–524.〕 Since the study in 1994, the ARS has evolved and been used to differentiate wood species, differentiate pharmaceutical tablets, determine burn rates and determine dissolution rates of tablets.〔Hannel, T.; Link, D. J.; Lodder, R. A., ''J Pharm Innov'' 2008, 3, (3), 152–160.〕〔Medendorp, J.; Fackler, J.; Douglas, C.; Lodder, R., ''J Pharm Innov'' 2007, 2, 125–134.〕〔 In 2007 Analytical Chemistry featured the past and current work of the lab of Dr. Lodder discussing the potential of acoustics in the analytical chemistry and engineering fields.〔Cutnell, J. D.; Johnson, K. W., ''Physics''. Wiley: New York, 1997.〕
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